Cancer develops when the DNA in the healthy gets damaged and it cannot be repaired, because of this the damaged cells grow unconditionally. If this case happens in the skin it is called as the skin cancer. There are three most common types of skin cancer they are basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma. Skin cancer mainly occurs in the layers of the epidermis. Unlike other cancer skin cancer can be clearly visible to us. There are some forms of skin which metasises that is they spread to the other parts of the body. The skin acts as the cover of the body, they even prevent the body from infection, injuries, etc. The skin is made up three layers in it namely epidermis, dermis and a fatty layer. Epidermis is the outer layer of the body. Dermis is the middle layer of the skin which contains the nerves, blood vessels, hair-follicles, and oil producing glands in it. The deep layer in the skin is called as the fatty layer. Among these three layers the skin cancer mainly affects the epidermis layer and this epidermis has three types in it namely squamous cells which are flatten and fill the skin with the protective curtain to form the outermost layer. Basal cells as the name exist they are at the base of the epidermis and serve as the reservoir for the squamous cells. Melanocyte is the most important part of the epidermis which gives the color for the skin. This skin cancer mostly occurs in the head, face, neck, hands and in the arms. There are certain risks in getting skin cancer if a person is having a fair skin, red-blond hair, having light colored eyes are some of the risks that cause skin cancer.

Blood cancer is otherwise called as the leukemia which starts in the tissues of the blood.the cancerous blood cells will differ from the normal blood cells.most of the blood  cells grow in the bone marrow which is called as stem cells.this stem cells is classified into three types namely white blood cells(WBC),red blood cells(RBC),and blood platelets. The WBC acts as the soldiers to defend the body against the attack of microbes. Neutrophils and monocytes also phagotise the dead cells to clean the body. White blood corpuscles or leucocytes are nucleated. They are capable of amoeboid movement and hence these are referred as amoebocytes. They are also called ‘phagocytes’ for they attack the invading micro-organisms and devour them. Red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes are circular, biconcave cells without nucleus in man. They are arranged like a pile of coins such arrangement of RBC is called as ‘ROULEAUX’. RBC contains a spongy elastic substance called stroma. Inside the meshes of stroma is present the iron pigment called Hemoglobin which gives red color to the blood. Hemoglobin consists of a protein part called ‘GLOBIN’ and a non-protein pigment called HAEM. Hemoglobin has the property of combining with oxygen to form oxy hemoglobin. The RBC’s are produced in the bone marrow and are released into the blood stream. After the life span of 90-120 days they are destroyed in the spleen and liver. Blood platelets or thrombocytes are small bodies either disc-shaped or irregular in form. They are without nucleus and cytoplasm is granular. They play a very important role in the coagulation of blood. This leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia is very dangerous. But the chronic leukemia stays in the person for days and months.

The stomach is a j-shaped muscular sac located in the upper left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It has thick expandable walls. The inner lining of the stomach contains a thick, wrinkled mucous membrane composed of epithelial cells. There are many gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach. Some of these glands secrete mucus, some secrete digestive enzymes, and others secrete hydrochloric acid. The mixture of these fluids forms the acidic digestive fluid. The mucus lining the walls of the stomach protects the muscle tissue from being broken down by digestive fluids. The muscles of the stomach wall contract rhythmically, crushing and mixing the food with the gastric juice. Gastric juice contains two enzymes i.e. pepsin and rennin. It also contains hydrochloric acid. Pepsin changes proteins into smaller protein molecules called peptones. Hydrochloric acid helps pepsin to do this job. Hydrochloric acid also kills many harmful bacteria. Rennin changes the milk protein into insoluble curd. It usually takes about 2-4hours for all the food to move out of the stomach into the intestine, in the form of a thick paste called chyme. the stomach cancer usually occur in the inner layer of the stomach. The stomach cancer has the capacity to spread to other parts in the outer layer of the stomach i.e., liver, pancreas, esophagus, and in the intestine. It even spreads to the blood vessels and lymph vessels. The stomach cancer is otherwise called as the gastric cancer.

Prevention of stomach cancer starts by avoiding the risk factors. Risk factors are the main cause for the development of diseases. There are huge results given for the prevention of stomach cancer. The first way to prevent stomach cancer is to reduce the intake of salts, pickle as it contains a substance called nitrates have a risk in developing stomach cancer. Doctor’s advice is to have a high diet with fruits and vegetables. Smoking is very injurious to health, because of smoking many diseases are caused in human body. One of it is the stomach cancer. Avoid smoking can also helps to prevent a person from getting stomach cancer. The treatment done for stomach cancer depends upon the size, location of the tumor, and the stage of it. There are three ways in doing the stomach cancer treatment they are surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In surgery treatment whole of the stomach or the affected part alone is removed. After the surgery is done it may take a few days for healing. But the person will have the pain. Medicines are given to relieve that person from the pain. Chemotherapy uses drugs to cure the disease. Chemotherapy is given before or after the surgery. The drugs are passed through the veins. Radiation therapy is another way for treating stomach cancer. In this treatment rays are passed to cure the cancer cells. This treatment is also done along the chemotherapy in which the doctors pass the higher energy rays to the affected part. Treatment often involves a combination of medications to kill the helicobacter pylori bacteria reduce acid levels, and protect the gastro intestinal tract.

The other name for the mouth cancer is the oral cancer. Mouth cancer can occur on the tongue’s surface, lips, cheeks, gums and in the roof or floor of the mouth. The mouth is guarded by lips. Inside the mouth lie the teeth, the tongue and the buccal cavity. The teeth are borne in sockets in the upper and the lower jaws. The teeth break and grind the food and masticate it into pieces. The teeth in man are produced twice in his life span so termed diphyodont. First the milk teeth that come up between the sixth and the seventh month are temporary, the second, and the permanent teeth come up replacing the milk teeth from the sixth year and it is complicated by the thirteenth year. The teeth are embedded in sockets so termed as the Théoden. There are four kinds of teeth the incisors, the canines or the tearing teeth, the premolars and molars. Mouth cancer is as same as the head and neck cancer. The treatment for this cancer is also done similar to the head and neck cancer. The major type of the cancer that mainly occurs is the squamous cell carcinomas. There also other types that cause mouth cancer, they are salivary gland cancer, lymphoma, melanoma. The salivary gland cancer occurs in the salivary glands. Lymphoma causes in the lymph tissue of the tongue and in the tonsils. Melanoma starts in the skin pigments of the mouth or in the lips. There are many risk factors that cause mouth cancer, they tobacco usage, alcohol intake, infections, poor mouth hygiene, betel-nut chewing.

The brain is the main control centre of the nervous system. It is situated within the skull. The brain is enveloped by three membranes called meninges. The membranes have a fluid between them called the cerebrospinal fluid. It nourishes the brain and protects it by absorbing shocks. The human brain is divided into three regions namely cerebrum, cerebellum, and medula oblongata. The cerebrum is the uppermost and the largest part of the brain. It fills most of the skull. The surface of the cerebrum shows ridges and grooves. These increase the surface area of the brain to accommodate more nerve cells. It is divisible into the right and left cerebral hemispheres with a deep furrow in between. It is responsible for the sensation of pain, temperature, touch, sight, sound, taste and smell. It is also the centre for mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, thinking and reasoning. The cerebellum is involved in muscle coordination and balance of the body. It is a small egg-shaped organ, tucked under the cerebrum at the back of the head. Medulla oblongata is like a stem of the brain. It emerges from the base of the brain and joins the spinal cord to the brain. It is also called brain stem. It controls activities, such as breathing, heartbeat, and coughing, sneezing and other involuntary functions necessary for life. Cancer in the brain is caused due to the abnormal growth of the cells in the brain. Brain cancer occurs from the primary brain cells, from the cancer cells or from the other organs that has cancer cells in them. The main reason is through the bloodstream.

Human body has 206 bones. Bones give structure and shape to the body. Bones are covered by the muscles which protects it from other damages. Without the bones a person will be a shape less structure and will not be able to move, walk and cannot do any other activities. Bone cancer is caused within the cells that make the bone. Bone cancer is most common in children and less in older adults. The older people get bone cancer that is because of the spread of the tumor from other parts. There are many different types of bone cancer. They are osteosarcoma, ewing’s sarcoma, chondro sarcoma, malignant fibrous, histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma,and chordoma. Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone cancer. It mainly causes for the males between 10 and 25 years old. This type mainly occurs in the long bones of the arms, legs, knees and also in the shoulders of the children. This type has a risk in spreading to the lungs also. Ewing’s sarcoma is aggressive and mainly affects the people within 4-15 years old. This type is more common in males and it has less chance to attack the old people. This type occurs in between the long bones of legs, arms. Chondrosarcoma is the second most aggressive or slow growing bone cancer. But apart from other types this type of cancer mostly occurs in the old people in the age of 40.fibrosarcoma is a rare type but it causes for people of 35-45 years age.

Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled division of cells which in some cases invade local tossues. The Greek word for cancer is ‘karkinos’ which means crab. Cancer affects both animals and people of all ages. Cancer is medically known as malignant neoplasm. Neoplasm refers to abnormally dividing cells which are called neoplastic cells. These neoplastic cells result in tumors. A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are typical signs of inflammation and may be either benign or malignant. A scientist involved in study of cancer is called an oncologist.

INDEFINITE GROWTH.

Cancerouscells grow indefinitely. They do not die, that is they are immortal. They have a large nucleus with abundant granules.

LOSS OF CONTACT INHIBITION.

Normal cells stop growing when their plasma membranes come in contact with one another, whereas cancerous cell grow and divide continuously. Normal cells show stickiness or adhesiveness. Cancerous cells do not have this adhesiveness. Cancerous cells have the ability to metastasize, that is, they can invade nearby tissues. Cancerous cells consume more glucose than normal cells in order to grow and multiply.

Each kidney in the longitudinal section shows two distinct regions, an outer dark cortex layer and an inner pale medulla. The ureter enters through the hilus and expands into a funnel-shaped structure called renal pelvis. The medulla shows a number of cone shaped masses, the renal pyramids. The renal pelvis projects in between the pyramids in the form of finger like folding called calyces. The cortical tissue extending in between the pyramids forms the renal columns of Bernini. The cortex contains about one million excretory units called nephrons. In general the kidney performs the following important functions in the body:

• Excretion of waste product resulting from protein metabolism.
• Regulation of acid base balance by excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
• Regulation of salt water balance by hormones secreted both internally and externally.

Formation of rennin and erythropoietin and thereby playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and erythropoises respectively.

A cancer that forms on the tissues of kidney is called as the kidney cancer. There are two types in it they are renal cell carcinoma and renal pelvis carcinoma. There are several symptoms for the causes of kidney cancer they are fever, weight loss, blood in the urine etc. The treatment for the kidney cancer involves radiation therapy, biological therapy, and chemotherapy.